Self-perception of weight and physical fitness, body image perception, control weight behaviors and eating behaviors in adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: self-perception of weight and physical fitness, aesthetic reasons to diet, self-weighing as a way to feel better and body image perception have been related to a constellation of risks to develop both body image dissatisfaction and eating behavior disturbances, especially among adolescents. OBJECTIVES: to analyze weight self-perception and self-reported physical fitness, to explore the links between these variables and weight control behaviors, to explore possible relations among weight self-perception, self-reported physical fitness, dieting, self-weighing frequency and body mass index (BMI)/body image and to analyze the relation between all these variables and different eating behaviors. METHODS: a total of 336 students (mean age of 12.46 ± 2.14; 47.62% females) took part in this study. Different scales were administered (weight self-perception and self-reported physical fitness, dieting, self-weighing frequency, body image perception, eating behaviors) and height and weight were measured in order to obtain the BMI. RESULTS: mean BMI was 20.18 ± 3.58 and 41.14% of participants had overweight/obesity. Among those who perceived themselves as overweight,76.92% were girls. More than 70% of participants reported average or good physical fitness and more boys reported good or excellent physical fitness. Almost 60% of participants who planned to diet for aesthetic reasons were girls, and girls more than boys self-weighed to feel better. BMI was significantly correlated with body image dissatisfaction/restrictive eating. CONCLUSIONS: there are clear links between weight self-perception, body image, dieting, self-weighing and eating behaviors at an age which might be considered as a starting point to eating behavior disturbances.

Self-perception of weight and physical fitness, body image perception, control weight behaviors and eating behaviors in adolescents / Autopercepción del peso y forma física, percepción de la imagen corporal y conductas de control de peso y alimentarias en adolescentes

Introduction: self-perception of weight and physical fitness, aesthetic reasons to diet, self-weighing as a way to feel better and body image perception have been related to a constellation of risks to develop both body image dissatisfaction and eating behavior disturbances, especially among adolescents. Objectives: to analyze weight self-perception and self-reported physical fitness, to explore the links between these variables and weight control behaviors, to explore possible relations among weight self-perception, self-reported physical fitness, dieting, self-weighing frequency and body mass index (BMI)/body image and to analyze the relation between all these variables and different eating behaviors. Methods: a total of 336 students (mean age of 12.46 ± 2.14; 47.62% females) took part in this study. Different scales were administered (weight self-perception and self-reported physical fitness, dieting, self-weighing frequency, body image perception, eating behaviors) and height and weight were measured in order to obtain the BMI. Results: mean BMI was 20.18 ± 3.58 and 41.14% of participants had overweight/obesity. Among those who perceived themselves as overweight,76.92% were girls. More than 70% of participants reported average or good physical fitness and more boys reported good or excellent physical fitness. Almost 60% of participants who planned to diet for aesthetic reasons were girls, and girls more than boys self-weighed to feel better. BMI was significantly correlated with body image dissatisfaction/restrictive eating. Conclusions: there are clear links between weight self-perception, body image, dieting, self-weighing and eating behaviors at an age which might be considered as a starting point to eating behavior disturbances

Introducción: la autopercepción del peso y de la forma física, razones estéticas para hacer dieta, pesarse como método para sentirse mejor y la percepción de la imagen corporal se han relacionado con una constelación de riesgos para desarrollar tanto insatisfacción corporal como alteraciones alimentarias, especialmente en adolescentes. Objetivos: analizar la autopercepción del peso y de la forma física, explorar los vínculos entre estas variable y conductas de control de peso, explorar posibles relaciones entre la autopercepción del peso y de la forma física, realización de dietas, frecuencia con la que se pesan los adolescentes e índice de masa corporal (IMC)/imagen corporal, así como la relación de todo ello con diferentes conductas alimentarias. Resultados: el IMC medio fue de 20,18 ± 3,58 y el 41,14% de los participantes presentaba sobrepeso/obesidad. Entre quienes se percibían con sobrepeso, el 76,92% eran chicas. Más del 70% de los participantes decían estar en una buena forma física o en la media y eran más los chicos los que decían estar en buena o excelente forma física. Casi el 60% de los participantes que planeaban hacer dieta por razones estéticas eran chicas y ellas más que los chicos se pesaban para sentirse mejor. El IMC correlacionó significativamente con la subescala imagen corporal/ ingesta restrictiva. Conclusiones: existen claros vínculos entre autopercepción ponderal, imagen corporal, realización de dietas, pesarse y conductas alimentarias en una edad que podría considerarse como un punto de partida para la presentación de alteraciones alimentarias

The Mediational Effect of Weight Self-Stigma in the Relationship between Blatant and Subtle Discrimination and Depression and Anxiety.

Obesity may be considered a social stigma. In addition, people with obesity are frequently aware of stigma directed at others who have a similar weight and come to think stigmatized thoughts about themselves. Our study focused specifically on how blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma are related to depression and anxiety in people with obesity. The sample comprised 170 participants from the Clinical Nutrition Unit of the "Hospital de Valme" (Seville, Spain). The Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Perceived Discrimination Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. It was found that blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma were positively related to depression (.31, .38, and .45 respectively) and anxiety (.30, .36, and .49 respectively; all ps < .01). The path analysis conducted showed that there was a mediational effect of weight self-stigma between blatant (ß = .36) and subtle discrimination (ß = .40) and depression (ß = .24) and anxiety (ß = .49; all ps < .01). According to these results, it can be said that weight self-stigma was a full mediator in the model found because the relationships between the independent and the dependent variables were non-significant. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of the obesity stigma literature, and some clinical implications of the results of the study are suggested.

The mediational effect of weight self-stigma in the relationship between Blatant and Subtle discrimination and depression and anxiety

Obesity may be considered a social stigma. In addition, people with obesity are frequently aware of stigma directed at others who have a similar weight and come to think stigmatized thoughts about themselves. Our study focused specifically on how blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma are related to depression and anxiety in people with obesity. The sample comprised 170 participants from the Clinical Nutrition Unit of the 'Hospital de Valme' (Seville, Spain). The Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Perceived Discrimination Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. It was found that blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma were positively related to depression (.31, .38, and .45 respectively) and anxiety (.30, .36, and .49 respectively; all ps < .01). The path analysis conducted showed that there was a mediational effect of weight self-stigma between blatant (β = .36) and subtle discrimination (β = .40) and depression (β = .24) and anxiety (β = .49; all ps < .01). According to these results, it can be said that weight self-stigma was a full mediator in the model found because the relationships between the independent and the dependent variables were non-significant. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of the obesity stigma literature, and some clinical implications of the results of the study are suggested (AU)

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Bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa: only weight and menses recovery? / Densidad mineral ósea en anorexia nerviosa: ¿solo recuperación de peso y función menstrual?

Introduction: The study objectives were to analyze the presence of reduced bone mass in a sample of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and amenorrhea, to assess Bone Mineral Density (BMD) recovery after having a normal weight is reached and regular menses are resumed, and to predict BMD after a treatment period considering different variables (baseline BMD, baseline and final body mass index (BMI), treatment duration). Material & Methods: 35 patients with AN (mean age 20.57±5.77) were studied at treatment start (T0) and after they had recovered their normal weight and regular menses (T1) in order to measure their BMD using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the lumbar spine (L2-L4). Results: At T0, 2.86% of patients had normal BMD, while a reduced bone mass consistent with osteopenia or with osteoporosis was found in 22.86% and 74.28% of patients respectively. At T1, the percentages were 20%, 20%, and 60% respectively. No significant differences were seen in L2-L3 and mean BMD (L2-L4). A significant difference was however found for L4 (p < 0.05). A positive relationship was seen between final body mass index (BMI) and final BMD in patients with T0-T1>11 months, but not when the time period was ≤11 months. Conclusions: This follow-up study of changes not only in BMD but also in BMI and recovery of menses has clinical relevance from the viewpoint of the day-by-day treatment process. Use of QCT makes the study more relevant because this is a more advanced technique that allows for differentiating trabecular and cortical bone (AU)

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la presencia de reducción de masa ósea en una muestra de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa y amenorrea, evaluar la recuperación de dicha masa ósea tras alcanzar un peso normal y reanudar la función menstrual y predecir la densidad mineral ósea tras un periodo de tratamiento considerando diversas variables (densidad mineral ósea inicial, Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) inicial y final y duración del tratamiento). Material y Métodos: Treinta y cinco pacientes con anorexia nerviosa (edad media 20,57±5,77) fueron estudiados al iniciar tratamiento -T0- y tras recuperar un peso normal y tener reglas regulares - T1 - con el fin de medir su densidad mineral ósea (DMO) mediante tomografía computarizada cuantitativa (QCT) de columna lumbar (L2-L4). Resultados: En el momento T0 el 2,86% tenía una DMO normal, el 22,86% presentaba menor masa ósea compatible con osteopenia y el resto compatible con osteoporosis (74,28%). En T1 los porcentajes fueron 20, 20 y 60 respectivamente. Con respecto a L2-L3 y la DMO media (L2-L4) no se encontraron diferencias significativas, mientras que en L4 sí se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05). Se halló un correlación positiva entre el IMC final y la DMO final en aquellos pacientes con una diferencia T0-T1>11 meses, relación no observada cuando dicho periodo fue inferior. Conclusiones: Este estudio de seguimiento considerando no solo cambios en la DMO, sino también en el IMC y la recuperación menstrual, tiene relevancia clínica desde el punto de vista del día a día del proceso terapéutico. Además, el hecho de haber usado la tomografía computarizada cuantitativa añade mayor importancia la trabajo, ya que se trata de un método superior a otros en tanto que permite distinguir entre hueso trabecular y cortical (AU)

Eating attitudes, body image and risk for eating disorders in a group of Spanish dancers.

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of eating disorders (ED) and discrepancies between actual weight and weight perception seem much higher in dancers. The aims analysed in 77 dancers were: risk for ED; relationship between eating attitudes and psychological variables; dieting and self-weighing, and body image distortion. METHOD: Weight- and body image-related variables, dieting, self-reported physical fitness, specific ED-related variables and other psychological variables were assessed. The robust Huber's model was applied in order to test the inflluence of the variables analysed on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) scores. In case of categorical variables, the Chi-square (χ2-test) or the Fisher's exact test were applied. RESULTS: Higher risk of ED was not obtained. Despite the relationship between EAT-40 and BMI, body appreciation and drive for thinness, scores on EAT-40 and BMI do not suggest higher risk in dancers. Dancers had a similar weight perception than other populations and body dissatisfaction seems not to be worse than the reported in other types of participants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some limitations, our study adds some data in this field of study bearing in mind the use of a cluster of variables previously not taken into account as a whole.

Eating attitudes, body image and risk for eating disorders in a group of Spanish dancers / Actitudes alimentarias, imagen corporal y riesgo de trastornos alimentarios en un grupo de bailarines españoles

Introduction: Prevalence of eating disorders (ED) and discrepancies between actual weight and weight perception seem much higher in dancers. The aims analysed in 77 dancers were: risk for ED; relationship between eating attitudes and psychological variables; dieting and self-weighing, and body image distortion. Method: Weight- and body image-related variables, dieting, self-reported physical fitness, specific ED-related variables and other psychological variables were assessed. The robust Huber’s model was applied in order to test the influence of the variables analysed on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) scores. In case of categorical variables, the Chi-square (χ2 -test) or the Fisher’s exact test were applied. Results: Higher risk of ED was not obtained. Despite the relationship between EAT-40 and BMI, body appreciation and drive for thinness, scores on EAT-40 and BMI do not suggest higher risk in dancers. Dancers had a similar weight perception than other populations and body dissatisfaction seems not to be worse than the reported in other types of participants. Conclusions: Despite some limitations, our study adds some data in this field of study bearing in mind the use of a cluster of variables previously not taken into account as a whole (AU)

Introducción: la prevalencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y las diferencias entre el peso corporal real y el percibido parecen más elevadas en bailarines. Los objetivos analizados en 77 bailarines fueron: riesgo de TCA; relación entre actitudes alimentarias y variables psicológicas; conducta de dieta y autocontrol de peso, y distorsión de la imagen corporal. Método: se estudiaron variables relacionadas con el peso y la imagen corporal, conducta de dieta, percepción de la propia forma física, variables específicas relacionadas con los TCA y otras variables psicológicas. El modelo estadístico robusto de Huber fue utilizado para probar la influencia de las variables analizadas en las puntuaciones del Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40). Para las variables categóricas se usaron la prueba de Chi-cuadrado o el test de Fisher. Resultados: no se encontró un mayor riesgo de TCA. Aun existiendo correlación entre el EAT-40 y el índice de masa corporal (IMC), aprecio corporal e impulso a adelgazar, las puntuaciones del EAT-40 y el IMC no sugieren un mayor riesgo en este grupo de bailarines. Por otro lado, estos bailarines tienen una percepción del propio peso similar a la de otras poblaciones y su insatisfacción corporal no parece ser peor que la expresada en otros tipos de población. Conclusiones: a pesar de algunas limitaciones, este estudio añade algunos datos en este campo, teniendo en cuenta el grupo de variables analizadas, previamente no consideradas en conjunto (AU)

Bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa: Only weight and menses recovery?

INTRODUCTION: The study objectives were to analyze the presence of reduced bone mass in a sample of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and amenorrhea, to assess Bone Mineral Density (BMD) recovery after having a normal weight is reached and regular menses are resumed, and to predict BMD after a treatment period considering different variables (baseline BMD, baseline and final body mass index (BMI), treatment duration). MATERIAL & METHODS: 35 patients with AN (mean age 20.57±5.77) were studied at treatment start (T0) and after they had recovered their normal weight and regular menses (T1) in order to measure their BMD using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the lumbar spine (L2-L4). RESULTS: At T0, 2.86% of patients had normal BMD, while a reduced bone mass consistent with osteopenia or with osteoporosis was found in 22.86% and 74.28% of patients respectively. At T1, the percentages were 20%, 20%, and 60% respectively. No significant differences were seen in L2-L3 and mean BMD (L2-L4). A significant difference was however found for L4 (p<0.05). A positive relationship was seen between final body mass index (BMI) and final BMD in patients with T0-T1>11 months, but not when the time period was ≤11 months. CONCLUSIONS: This follow-up study of changes not only in BMD but also in BMI and recovery of menses has clinical relevance from the viewpoint of the day-by-day treatment process. Use of QCT makes the study more relevant because this is a more advanced technique that allows for differentiating trabecular and cortical bone.

[FAMILY EATING HABITS AND PERCEPTION OF RISK IN EATING DISORDERS]. / ALIMENTACIÓN FAMILIAR Y PERCEPCIÓN DE RIESGO EN TRASTORNOS DE LA CONDUCTA ALIMENTARIA.

INTRODUCTION: factors related to food, shape, weight and exercise, transmitted from parents to children, and media sociocultural factors, such as social networks, also influence the development of Eating Disorders (ED). OBJECTIVES: to analyse the influence of family eating habits and the parents perception about the influence of social networks on the development and maintenance of ED. METHOD: 30 parents of ED patients participated voluntarily in this study fulfilling a series of questionnaires, as well as reporting their weight and height. RESULTS: it is observed an underestimation of weight in the case of overweight (33.33%) and obesity (35%) without considering the fact of going on diet in the future (χ2 = 11.31; p < 0.01). It must be noted that it exists an excessive consumption of meats, snacks and sweets. During weekends it is observed an increased intake of calories and sugar (p < 0.01) and cholesterol (p < 0.05), while the intake of fibre, iron, zinc and magnesium is reduced (p < 0.01). In addition, the consumption of water and bread decreases and other habits seem to be more relevant (e.g. snacking, intake of a single dish) (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: eating habits of ED patients' families improve by means of the nutrition education included in the treatment. Relatives do not perceive adequately the risk of the social networks in their children, which might contribute to the maintenance and future relapses of ED.

Introducción: los aspectos relacionados con la comida, la figura, el peso y el ejercicio físico, transmitidos de padres a hijos, y los factores socioculturales de índole mediática, como las redes sociales, pueden influir en el desarrollo de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Objetivos: analizar la influencia de la alimentación familiar y la percepción de esta sobre la influencia de las redes sociales en el inicio y mantenimiento del TCA. Método: 30 padres de pacientes con TCA participaron voluntariamente en este estudio cumplimentando una serie de cuestionarios, y recogiéndose su peso y talla. Resultados: se observa una subestimación del peso en casos de sobrepeso (33,33%) y obesidad (25%), ya que ni siquiera se plantean realizar una dieta futura (91,67% y 25%, respectivamente) (2 = 11,31; p < 0,01). Destaca un exceso en el consumo de carnes, snacks y dulces. Durante el fin de semana hay un incremento en el consumo de kcal y azúcar (p < 0,01) y colesterol (p < 0,05), disminuyendo la ingesta de fibra, Fe, Zn y Mg (p < 0,01). Asimismo, se consume menos agua y pan, aumentando el picoteo (p < 0,01) y la frecuencia de aparición de un único plato (p < 0,05). Discusión y conclusiones: los hábitos alimentarios de estos familiares mejoran gracias a la educación nutricional incluida en el tratamiento. Los familiares no perciben adecuadamente el riesgo de las redes sociales en sus hijos, pudiendo contribuir al mantenimiento y a futuras recaídas del TCA.

Perceived vulnerability to disease and antifat attitudes in a sample of children and teenagers.

PURPOSE: Perceived vulnerability to disease (beliefs about personal susceptibility to contracting an infectious disease) is usually related to the expression of prejudice towards different stigmatized groups. In this study, the relationship between this variable and the expression of the prejudice towards obese people was analyzed. METHOD: The sample comprised a total of 137 children and teenagers, aged between 12 and 17 years, from a Spanish high school who fulfilled several scales which measure perceived vulnerability to disease, antifat attitudes and perceived controllability of weight. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) was calculated by means of the participants' height and weight. RESULTS: Perceived infectability (one of the factors of the perceived vulnerability to disease scale) was negatively related to controllability of weight, and germ aversion (the second factor of the vulnerability scale), showed a positive relationship with the antipathy towards obese people. Finally, perceived controllability of weight was positively correlated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of these results in the field of the study of the prejudice toward obese people are discussed. To our knowledge, no other studies have investigated the relationship between perceived vulnerability to disease and antifat attitudes in minors. Additionally, this is the first time that the measured BMI has been used instead of the self-reported one.

Alimentación familiar y percepción de riesgo en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Family eating habits and perception of risk in eating disorders

Introducción: los aspectos relacionados con la comida, la figura, el peso y el ejercicio físico, transmitidos de padres a hijos, y los factores socioculturales de índole mediática, como las redes sociales, pueden influir en el desarrollo de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Objetivos: analizar la influencia de la alimentación familiar y la percepción de esta sobre la influencia de las redes sociales en el inicio y mantenimiento del TCA. Método: 30 padres de pacientes con TCA participaron voluntariamente en este estudio cumplimentando una serie de cuestionarios, y recogiéndose su peso y talla. Resultados: se observa una subestimación del peso en casos de sobrepeso (33,33%) y obesidad (25%), ya que ni siquiera se plantean realizar una dieta futura (91,67% y 25%, respectivamente) (X2 = 11,31; p < 0,01). Destaca un exceso en el consumo de carnes, snacks y dulces. Durante el fin de semana hay un incremento en el consumo de kcal y azúcar (p < 0,01) y colesterol (p < 0,05), disminuyendo la ingesta de fibra, Fe, Zn y Mg (p < 0,01). Asimismo, se consume menos agua y pan, aumentando el picoteo (p < 0,05). Discusión y conclusiones: los hábitos alimentarios de estos familiares mejoran gracias a la educación nutricional incluida en el tratamiento. Los familiares no perciben adecuadamente el riesgo de las redes sociales en sus hijos, pudiendo contribuir al mantenimiento y a futuras recaídas del TCA (AU)

Introduction: factors related to food, shape, weight and exercise, transmitted from parents to children, and media sociocultural factors, such as social networks, also influence the development of Eating Disorders (ED). Objectives: to analyse the influence of family eating habits and the parents perception about the influence of social networks on the development and maintenance of ED. Method: 30 parents of ED patients participated voluntarily in this study fulfilling a series of questionnaires, as well as reporting their weight and height. Results: it is observed an underestimation of weight in the case of overweight (33.33%) and obesity (35%) without considering the fact of going on diet in the future (X2 = 11.31; p < 0.01) and cholesterol (p < 0.01). It must be noted that it exists an excessive consumption of meats, snacks and sweets. During weekends it is observed an increased intake of calories and sugar (p < 0.01) and cholesterol (p < 0.05), while the intake of fibre, iron, zinc and magnesium is reduced (p < 0.01). In addition, the consumption of water and bread decreases and other habits seem to be more relevant (e.g. snacking, intake of a single dish) (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusions: eating habits of ED patients’ families improve by means of the nutrition education included in the treatment. Relatives do not perceive adequately the risk of the social networks in their children, which might contribute to the maintenance and future relapses of ED (AU)

Hábitos alimentarios, sobrecarga ponderal y autopercepción del peso en el ámbito escolar / Eating habits, excess weight and weight self-perception at school

Introducción: en los últimos tiempos se ha observado un aumento exponencial de las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infanto-juvenil, a la vez que un abandono del patrón alimentario mediterráneo. Además, gran parte de la población adolescente autopercibe erróneamente su peso. Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de exceso de peso, la autopercepción del peso y los hábitos alimentarios en una muestra infanto-juvenil. Buscar relaciones entre dichas variables y el bienestar psicosocial. Método: 87 alumnos de la ESO participaron voluntariamente en el proyecto mediante la cumplimentación de cuestionarios y la recogida de peso y talla tanto reales como autopercibidos. Resultados: un 28,73% de la muestra presentaba sobrepeso y un 9,19% obesidad. El 27,48 % del total de los encuestados autopercibía erróneamente su peso y únicamente la cuarta parte de la muestra presentó un patrón alimentario mediterráneo correcto. Se obtiene una mayor frecuencia de control del peso a medida que la autopercepción de este aumenta. Discusión y conclusiones: gran parte de la muestra subestima su peso y existe una posible asociación entre la ausencia de desayuno y mayores tasas de exceso de peso infanto-juvenil. Se observa un aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes, así como la necesidad de implementar labores de educación nutricional tras analizar sus hábitos alimentarios (AU)

Introduction: in the last years the rates of overweight and obesity in adolescents have been increasing simultaneously with a progressive abandon of the Mediterranean dietary patterns. In addition many adolescents misperceive their weight. Objectives: to analyse the prevalence of overweight/ obesity, to assess the self-perception of weight and to explore the eating habits in a child and adolescent sample. The relationship among these variables and the influence on the psychosocial wellbeing are also analysed. Method: a total of 87 secondary school students participated in this project. Weight and height were obtained, the self-perceived weight was assessed and a series of questionnaires were applied in order to explore the participants´ wellbeing. Results: 28.73% of the sample had overweight and 9.19% obesity, 27.48% of the students misperceived their weight and only a quarter of the sample had a proper Mediterranean dietary pattern. The frequency of weight control was related positively with a higher weight perception. Discussion and conclusions: many participants underestimated their weight and a possible association between overweight/obesity and skipping breakfast was observed. A progressive increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents is confirmed and the need to implement nutrition education programs after analyzing the eating habits is proposed (AU)

[EATING HABITS, EXCESS WEIGHT AND WEIGHT SELF-PERCEPTION AT SCHOOL]. / HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS, SOBRECARGA PONDERAL Y AUTOPERCEPCIÓN DEL PESO EN EL ÁMBITO ESCOLAR.

INTRODUCTION: in the last years the rates of overweight and obesity in adolescents have been increasing simultaneously with a progressive abandon of the Mediterranean dietary patterns. In addition many adolescents misperceive their weight. OBJECTIVES: to analyse the prevalence of overweight/ obesity, to assess the self-perception of weight and to explore the eating habits in a child and adolescent sample. The relationship among these variables and the influence on the psychosocial wellbeing are also analysed. METHOD: a total of 87 secondary school students participated in this project. Weight and height were obtained, the self-perceived weight was assessed and a series of questionnaires were applied in order to explore the participants´ wellbeing. RESULTS: 28.73% of the sample had overweight and 9.19% obesity, 27.48% of the students misperceived their weight and only a quarter of the sample had a proper Mediterranean dietary pattern. The frequency of weight control was related positively with a higher weight perception. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: many participants underestimated their weight and a possible association between overweight/obesity and skipping breakfast was observed. A progressive increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents is confirmed and the need to implement nutrition education programs after analyzing the eating habits is proposed.

Introducción: en los últimos tiempos se ha observado un aumento exponencial de las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infanto-juvenil, a la vez que un abandono del patrón alimentario mediterráneo. Además, gran parte de la población adolescente autopercibe erróneamente su peso. Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de exceso de peso, la autopercepción del peso y los hábitos alimentarios en una muestra infanto-juvenil. Buscar relaciones entre dichas variables y el bienestar psicosocial. Método: 87 alumnos de la ESO participaron voluntariamente en el proyecto mediante la cumplimentación de cuestionarios y la recogida de peso y talla tanto reales como autopercibidos. Resultados: un 28,73% de la muestra presentaba sobrepeso y un 9,19% obesidad. El 27,48 % del total de los encuestados autopercibía erróneamente su peso y únicamente la cuarta parte de la muestra presentó un patrón alimentario mediterráneo correcto. Se obtiene una mayor frecuencia de control del peso a medida que la autopercepción de este aumenta. Discusión y conclusiones: gran parte de la muestra subestima su peso y existe una posible asociación entre la ausencia de desayuno y mayores tasas de exceso de peso infanto-juvenil. Se observa un aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes, así como la necesidad de implementar labores de educación nutricional tras analizar sus hábitos alimentarios.

Antioxidant activity and nutritional status in anorexia nervosa: effects of weight recovery.

Few studies are focused on the antioxidant status and its changes in anorexia nervosa (AN). Based on the hypothesis that renutrition improves that status, the aim was to determine the plasma antioxidant status and the antioxidant enzymes activity at the beginning of a personalized nutritional program (T0) and after recovering normal body mass index (BMI) (T1). The relationship between changes in BMI and biochemical parameters was determined. Nutritional intake, body composition, anthropometric, hematological and biochemical parameters were studied in 25 women with AN (19.20 ± 6.07 years). Plasma antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity were measured. Mean time to recover normal weight was 4.1 ± 2.44 months. Energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake improved. Catalase activity was significantly modified after dietary intake improvement and weight recovery (T0 = 25.04 ± 1.97 vs. T1 = 35.54 ± 2.60 µmol/min/mL; p < 0.01). Total antioxidant capacity increased significantly after gaining weight (T0 = 1033.03 ± 34.38 vs. T1 = 1504.61 ± 99.73 µmol/L; p < 0.01). Superoxide dismutase activity decreased (p < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase did not change. Our results support an association between nutrition improvement and weight gain in patients with AN, followed by an enhancement of antioxidant capacity and catalase antioxidant system.

Psychological well-being in a sample of obese patients compared with a control group.

INTRODUCTION: The literature has found that obese patients usually report more depression and anxiety than normal weight individuals. However, not many investigations have studied the relationship between obesity and quality of life from a Positive Psychology approach. OBJECTIVE: In this study it is analyzed if obese patients have less psychological well-being than a control group (normal weight participants). METHOD: A total of 221 participants (111 obese individuals and 110 controls) were selected to conduct the study. To measure psychological well-being, the Spanish version of the Ryff's Scales was used. To measure mental health, the Spanish version of the mental health component of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) was used. RESULTS: It was found that obese participants reported less psychological well-being than normal weight individuals, but that there were not statistically significant differences in the case of mental health measured with the SF-36. DISCUSSION: According to the results, it can be concluded that reports of psychological well-being problems were much more common in participants with weight problems than in the control group.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La literatura ha puesto de manifiesto que los pacientes obesos suelen padecer más depresión y ansiedad que los individuos de peso normal. Sin embargo, no son muchas las investigaciones que han estudiado la relación entre obesidad y calidad de vida a partir del enfoque de la Psicología Positiva . OBJETIVO: En este estudio se analizó si los pacientes obesos tienen menor bienestar psicológico que los de un grupo de control (participantes de peso normal ). MÉTODO: Se seleccionaron un total de 221 participantes (111 individuos obesos y 110 de control) para realizar el estudio. Para medir el bienestar psicológico, se utilizó la versión española de las escalas de Ryff. Para medir la salud mental, se utilizó la versión española del componente de salud mental de la Forma Abreviada de la Encuesta de Salud (SF- 36 ). RESULTADOS: Los participantes obesos mostraron menos bienestar psicológico que las personas de peso normal, pero que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el caso de la salud mental medida con el SF- 36. DISCUSIÓN: De acuerdo con los resultados, se puede concluir que la expresión de problemas acerca del bienestar psicológico es mucho más común en los participantes con problemas de peso que en los del grupo de control.

Psychological well-being in a sample of obese patients compared with a control group / Bienestar psicológico en una muestra de pacientes obesos comparados con un grupo control

Introduction: The literature has found that obese patients usually report more depression and anxiety than normal weight individuals. However, not many investigations have studied the relationship between obesity and quality of life from a Positive Psychology approach. Objective: In this study it is analyzed if obese patients have less psychological well-being than a control group (normal weight participants). Method: A total of 221 participants (111 obese individuals and 110 controls) were selected to conduct the study. To measure psychological well-being, the Spanish version of the Ryff’s Scales was used. To measure mental health, the Spanish version of the mental health component of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) was used. Results: It was found that obese participants reported less psychological well-being than normal weight individuals, but that there were not statistically significant differences in the case of mental health measured with the SF-36. Discussion: According to the results, it can be concluded that reports of psychological well-being problems were much more common in participants with weight problems than in the control group (AU)

Introducción: La literatura ha puesto de manifiesto que los pacientes obesos suelen padecer más depresión y ansiedad que los individuos de peso normal. Sin embargo, no son muchas las investigaciones que han estudiado la relación entre obesidad y calidad de vida a partir del enfoque de la Psicología Positiva. Objetivo: En este estudio se analizó si los pacientes obesos tienen menor bienestar psicológico que los de un grupo de control (participantes de peso normal). Método: Se seleccionaron un total de 221 participantes (111 individuos obesos y 110 de control) para realizar el estudio. Para medir el bienestar psicológico, se utilizó la versión española de las escalas de Ryff. Para medir la salud mental, se utilizó la versión española del componente de salud mental de la Forma Abreviada de la Encuesta de Salud (SF- 36). Resultados: Los participantes obesos mostraron menos bienestar psicológico que las personas de peso normal, pero que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el caso de la salud mental medida con el SF- 36. Discusión: De acuerdo con los resultados, se puede concluir que la expresión de problemas acerca del bienestar psicológico es mucho más común en los participantes con problemas de peso que en los del grupo de control (AU)

Sweets and fats tasting in patients with anorexia nervosa: the role of the thought-shape fusion cognitive distortion.

INTRODUCTION: It has been found that the olfactorygustatory function is altered in patients with eating disorders, with an impairment affecting the perception of olfactory and gustatory stimuli. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the subjective reactivity after the exposure and tasting of foods with different gradient of sweetness and different fats textures. In addition, changes in the thought-shape fusion (TSF) cognitive distortion were assessed after tasting those different presentations as well as the correlations between the initial scores on TSF-Questionnaire (TSF-Q) and the different responses after that tasting. METHOD: A total of 15 healthy controls and 23 outpatients with anorexia nervosa underwent two sessions of tasting (sweets with different gradient of sweetness and fats with different textures) and they filled several questionnaires (pre- and post-tasting) to measure their responses after tasting. RESULTS: Participants showed less "self-control" after tasting sweets. The score on TSF-Q increased significantly after the sweets tasting in the patients group. Patients had the worst response after tasting presentations with more quantity of glucose (less gradient of sweetness) than after tasting those with more amount of sucrose (much more sweetness). With respect to the fats, patients showed the worst reaction after tasting the most unfamiliar texture. Pre fats tasting TSF-Q scores correlated significantly with all responses in the patients group. DISCUSSION: Both psychological and biological (e.g. genetic) factors could be involved in the reactions of patients with anorexia nervosa after tasting sweets and fats.

Introduction: It has been found that the olfactorygustatory function is altered in patients with eating disorders, with an impairment affecting the perception of olfactory and gustatory stimuli. Objective: The aim was to explore the subjective reactivity after the exposure and tasting of foods with different gradient of sweetness and different fats textures. In addition, changes in the thought-shape fusion (TSF) cognitive distortion were assessed after tasting those different presentations as well as the correlations between the initial scores on TSF-Questionnaire (TSF-Q) and the different responses after that tasting. Method: A total of 15 healthy controls and 23 outpatients with anorexia nervosa underwent two sessions of tasting (sweets with different gradient of sweetness and fats with different textures) and they filled several questionnaires (pre- and post-tasting) to measure their responses after tasting. Results: Participants showed less "self-control" after tasting sweets. The score on TSF-Q increased significantly after the sweets tasting in the patients group. Patients had the worst response after tasting presentations with more quantity of glucose (less gradient of sweetness) than after tasting those with more amount of sucrose (much more sweetness). With respect to the fats, patients showed the worst reaction after tasting the most unfamiliar texture. Pre fats tasting TSF-Q scores correlated significantly with all responses in the patients group. Discussion: Both psychological and biological (e.g. genetic) factors could be involved in the reactions of patients with anorexia nervosa after tasting sweets and fats.

Sweets and fats tasting in patients with anorexia nervosa; the role of the thought-shape fusion cognitive distortion / Cata de dulces y grasas en pacientes con anorexia nerviosa; el papel de la distorsión cognitiva fusión pensamiento-forma

Introduction: It has been found that the olfactorygustatory function is altered in patients with eating disorders, with an impairment affecting the perception of olfactory and gustatory stimuli. Objective: The aim was to explore the subjective reactivity after the exposure and tasting of foods with different gradient of sweetness and different fats textures. In addition, changes in the thought-shape fusion (TSF) cognitive distortion were assessed after tasting those different presentations as well as the correlations between the initial scores on TSF-Questionnaire (TSF-Q) and the different responses after that tasting. Method: A total of 15 healthy controls and 23 outpatients with anorexia nervosa underwent two sessions of tasting (sweets with different gradient of sweetness and fats with different textures) and they filled several questionnaires (pre- and post-tasting) to measure their responses after tasting. Results: Participants showed less "self-control" after tasting sweets. The score on TSF-Q increased significantly after the sweets tasting in the patients group. Patients had the worst response after tasting presentations with more quantity of glucose (less gradient of sweetness) than after tasting those with more amount of sucrose (much more sweetness). With respect to the fats, patients showed the worst reaction after tasting the most unfamiliar texture. Pre fats tasting TSF-Q scores correlated significantly with all responses in the patients group. Discussion: Both psychological and biological (e.g. genetic) factors could be involved in the reactions of patients with anorexia nervosa after tasting sweets and fats (AU)

Introducción: Se ha encontrado que la función olfativagustativa está alterada en pacientes con trastornos de la alimentación, con una alteración que afecta la percepción de los estímulos olfativos y gustativos. Objetivo: El propósito fue explorar la reactividad subjetiva tras la exposición y prueba de alimentos con distintos gradientes de dulzor y diferentes texturas grasas. Además, se evaluaron los cambios en la distorsión cognitiva de la fusión idea-forma (FIF) tras probar diferentes presentaciones así como las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones iniciales del Cuestionario FIF (C-FIF) y las distintas respuestas tras esa prueba. Método: Un total de 15 controles sanos y 23 pacientes ambulatorios con anorexia nerviosa se sometieron a dos sesiones de pruebas (dulces con distintos grados de dulzor y grasas con distintas texturas) y rellenaron varios cuestionarios (pre y post-prueba) para medir sus respuestas tras la prueba. Resultados: Los participantes mostraron menos "autocontrol" tras las pruebas con dulces. La puntuación del CFIF-Q aumentó de forma significativa tras las pruebas con dulces en el grupo de pacientes. Los pacientes tuvieron una peor respuesta tras las pruebas con aquellos alimentos con mayor contenido en glucosa (menor gradiente de dulzor) que tras probar aquellos alimentos con una mayor cantidad de sucrosa (mucho más dulzor). Con respecto a las grasas, los pacientes mostraron una peor reacción tras probar la textura menos familiar. Las puntuaciones del C-FIF preprueba se correlacionaron significativamente con todas las respuestas en el grupo de pacientes. Discusión: Tanto factores psicológicos como biológicos (p. ej., genéticos) podrían estar implicados en las reacciones de los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa tras las pruebas con dulces y grasas (AU)

Diet choice in weight-restored patients with eating disorders; progressive autonomy process by nutritional education.

INTRODUCTION: Human eating behaviour is regulated by multiple factors. Anorexia nervosa patients show a restrictive eating pattern while bulimia nervosa patients present bingeing-purging episodes. Although treatments are specially successful in the normalization of body composition, maladaptive eating behaviours tend to persist being a risk factor for relapse and recurrence. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to assess the quality of the nutritional choice of eating disorders patients after a year of nutritional education and to assess improvements in choice capacity. METHODS: Thirty-one outpatients of an eating disorders unit planned a menu after body composition normalization and repeated this plan each three months during a one-year programme of nutritional education. RESULTS: Patients improved the time spent on the assignment (p < 0.01), Body Mass Index (p < 0.01), their body fat mass (p < 0.01) and the content of energy (p < 0.05), carbohydrates (p < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) in their chosen menus. No differences were found on proteins, total fat or fat profile, vitamins or minerals. 12.9% and 3.2% of the patients chose their menu according to the recommendations of caloric and lipid profile, respectively, after a year of nutritional education. DISCUSSION: Although patients improved energy and carbohydrates content of the menus they tended to reduce caloric and fat food choices, which could lead to relapse and recurrence. Specific nutritional education programmes along with the mandatory psychological and psychiatric treatment may be effective. CONCLUSIONS: One year of nutritional education combined with psychological and psychiatric treatment improved those factors usually involved in relapse and recurrence, thus contributing to a proper outcome.

Introducción: El comportamiento alimentario humano está regulado por numerosos factores. Mientras los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa muestran un patrón nutricional restrictivo, los pacientes con bulimia nerviosa presentan episodios de atracón y purgas. Aunque los tratamientos son muy efectivos en la normalización de la composición corporal los comportamientos alimentarios inadecuados tienden a mantenerse constituyendo un factor de riesgo de recaídas y recidivas. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de la elección nutricional de pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante un programa de un año de educación nutricional analizando la mejoría en la capacidad de elección. Método: Treinta y un pacientes de una unidad de trastornos alimentarios planificaron un menú tras la normalización de la composición corporal, tarea que repitieron cada tres meses durante el año de intervención. Resultados: Los pacientes mejoraron el tiempo emplea - do en configurar el menú (p < 0,01), el Índice de Masa Corporal (p < 0,01), la masa grasa corporal (p < 0,01), la energía (p < 0,05), los carbohidratos (p < 0,01) y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (p < 0,05) de los menús planificados. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al total de grasas, perfil lipídico, vitaminas y minerales. El 12,9% y 3,2% de los pacientes escogieron sus menús de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de perfil calórico y lipídico, respectivamente, tras el año de tratamiento. Discusión: Aunque los pacientes mejoraron el contenido energético y los carbohidratos en los menús elegidos, tendieron a reducir el contenido calórico y las grasas en su elección, lo que puede conducir a una peor evolución. Conclusiones: Durante un año de educación nutricional, junto con el correspondiente tratamiento psicológico y psiquiátrico, se observó una mejoría en los factores dietéticos habitualmente implicados en una posible mala evolución.

Diet choice in weight-restored patients with eating disorders; progressive autonomy process by nutritional education / Elección de la dieta en pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria con peso normalizado; proceso de progresiva autonomía mediante educación nutricional

Human eating behaviour is regulated by multiple factors. Anorexia nervosa patients show a restrictive eating pattern while bulimia nervosa patients present bingeing-purging episodes. Although treatments are specially successful in the normalization of body composition, maladaptive eating behaviours tend to persist being a risk factor for relapse and recurrence.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to assess the quality of the nutritional choice of eating disorders patients after a year of nutritional education and to assess improvements in choice capacity.METHODS: Thirty-one outpatients of an eating disorders unit planned a menu after body composition normalization and repeated this plan each three months during a one-year programme of nutritional education.RESULTS: Patients improved the time spent on the assignment (p < 0.01), Body Mass Index (p < 0.01), their body fat mass (p < 0.01) and the content of energy (p < 0.05), carbohydrates (p < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) in their chosen menus. No differences were found on proteins, total fat or fat profile, vitamins or minerals. 12.9% and 3.2% of the patients chose their menu according to the recommendations of caloric and lipid profile, respectively, after a year of nutritional education.DISCUSSION: Although patients improved energy and carbohydrates content of the menus they tended to reduce caloric and fat food choices, which could lead to relapse and recurrence. Specific nutritional education programmes along with the mandatory psychological and psychiatric treatment may be effective.CONCLUSIONS: One year of nutritional education combined with psychological and psychiatric treatment improved those factors usually involved in relapse and recurrence, thus contributing to a proper outcome (AU)

Introducción: El comportamiento alimentario humano está regulado por numerosos factores. Mientras los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa muestran un patrón nutricional restrictivo, los pacientes con bulimia nerviosa presentan episodios de atracón y purgas. Aunque los tratamientos son muy efectivos en la normalización de la composición corporal los comportamientos alimentarios inadecuados tienden a mantenerse constituyendo un factor de riesgo de recaídas y recidivas. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de la elección nutricional de pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante un programa de un año de educación nutricional analizando la mejoría en la capacidad de elección. Método: Treinta y un pacientes de una unidad de trastornos alimentarios planificaron un menú tras la normalización de la composición corporal, tarea que repitieron cada tres meses durante el año de intervención. Resultados: Los pacientes mejoraron el tiempo emplea - do en configurar el menú (p < 0,01), el Índice de Masa Corporal (p < 0,01), la masa grasa corporal (p < 0,01), la energía (p < 0,05), los carbohidratos (p < 0,01) y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (p < 0,05) de los menús planificados. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al total de grasas, perfil lipídico, vitaminas y minerales. El 12,9% y 3,2% de los pacientes escogieron sus menús de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de perfil calórico y lipídico, respectivamente, tras el año de tratamiento. Discusión: Aunque los pacientes mejoraron el contenido energético y los carbohidratos en los menús elegidos, tendieron a reducir el contenido calórico y las grasas en su elección, lo que puede conducir a una peor evolución. Conclusiones: Durante un año de educación nutricional, junto con el correspondiente tratamiento psicológico y psiquiátrico, se observó una mejoría en los factores dietéticos habitualmente implicados en una posible mala evolución (AU)